Nord-Ost: Terror in Moscow

The Moscow theatre hostage crisis, also known as the 2002 Nord-Ost siege, was the seizure of a crowded Moscow theatre on October 23, 2002 by about 40-50 armed Chechen terrorists who claimed allegiance to the separatist movement in Chechnya. They took 850 hostages and demanded the withdrawal of Russian forces from Chechnya and an end to the Second Chechen War. The siege was officially led by Movsar Barayev (aged 25).

After a two-and-a-half day siege, Russian Spetsnaz forces pumped an unknown chemical agent into the building's ventilation system and raided it. Officially, 39 of the terrorists were killed by Russian forces, along with at least 129 and possibly many more of the hostages (including nine foreigners). All but a few of the hostages who died during the siege were killed by the toxic substance pumped into the theatre to subdue the militants.

// Wikipedia

A good and terrifying western documentary about a tragedy do truly Russian: after a successful police operation the - already freed! - people died simply because they were not given the right treatment.


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Forbidden to forbid: Georgia as Field for a Macroeconomic Experiment

The idea to protect economic freedoms on a constitutional level has for the first time been thoroughly formulated in the post-Soviet region by the Belarusian economist Jaraslau Ramanchuk. In 2007 he presented the project of an Economic Constitution of Belarus[1]. This document was supposed to supplement the country's Constitution in terms of economic policy and to guarantee economic freedom for the citizens and limitations for government intervention in the economy on the constitutional level. This may look as an interesting, but utopian intellectual project for Belarus, but in Georgia it will soon be reality.

A liberal economic regime guaranteed by Constitution

Georgian President Mikheil Saakashvili proposes to protect and expand the country's liberal economic regime on the constitutional level. According to the Act on Economic Freedom and the relevant amendments to the Constitution, a draft of which he introduced to the Parliament on October 6. If passed, the new legislative acts will set limits on the size of government expenditures and public debt, prohibit the imposition of additional licensing and other restrictions on economic activity of private entities.

Besides that, it will be forbidden for the Georgian state to own shares in banks and put restrictions on convertation of the national currency or movements of capital. Any tax increase will have to be approved on a national referendum [2].

Given that the pro-presidential party has a constitutional majority in the parliament, the Act and the amendments to the Constitution are likely to be passed.


Georgia's success under Saakashvili

Just like any politician, Mikheil Saakashvili can be criticized for many things: for an authoritarian domestic policy, maybe for lack of flexibility and diplomatism in foreign policy (although it is difficult to imagine what a president of Georgia could make in order to avoid the war with Russia in August 2008). Even this initiative and the way it has been announced has a fleur of PR and populism on it. But what no one is able to question is the scale of socio-economic progress achieved by Georgia under Saakashvili.

According to most international rankings, Georgia has one of the most attractive environment for business and for investors in the region (and even in the world). Having almost no natural resources or major industries from the Soviet era, in 2004-2008 the country showed an average annual GDP growth of 9.3% which is comparable to the rate for Belarus (10% in 2008, 8.2% in 2007, 9.9% in 2006) with its preferential prices for Russian raw materials, Soviet industrial legacy and manipulation with statistics.

The flow of foreign investment in Georgia has not stopped even after August 2008 (although it dropped to USD 226.1 million in the first half of 2009 to USD 1.143 billion for the same period of 2008). Economic losses of Russia from the war in the form of capitalization of Russian companies fall (a few tens of billions of dollars), the withdrawal of capital from the country (up to USD 20 billion) and the drop in Central Bank reserves (USD 16 billion) were much greater than the loss of Georgia, so the question of who has really lost that war is not a rhetorical one.

Now Saakashvili together with Kakha Bendukidze, the father of the Georgian economic reforms and co-author of the Act on Economic Freedom, have led the country to a major turning point, when the economic transformation is about to get a real deeply institutionalized character.


The essence of the planned economic transformation

The new reform will not simply allow Georgia to get immunity from leftist populist politicians, because forced redistribution of wealth will be more difficult. Mikheil Saakashvili has a chance to remain in history not as a man who lost the war in South Ossetia or returned control over Ajaria, a different separatist region. Saakashvili and Bendukidze are starting an interesting large-scale experiment, perhaps unprecedented in the economic history. For the first time a country of several millions people will try to move to quite a revolutionary socio-economic system, which differs significantly from the generally accepted model of a Keynesian economy.

It is difficult to blame the current global economic crisis on the free market as long as the modern state holds the key control over the economy through manipulation with interest rates, currency or the amount of money in circulation, or even more through direct participation in economic life. Bendukidze and Saakashvili decided to give up some of these institutional postulates that seem to be axioms for ordinary people but which were not common practice even 100 or 150 years ago. If the experiment is successful, the Georgian experience might have a truly global significance, the example of Georgia could become an important step towards a new economic model.


Obstacles and successes: Georgia and other countries

The main thing that can prevent the success of the newest Georgian reforms are the well-known external circumstances and the well-known danger of war that hangs over the country. Those who wish the Georgian experiment to succeed may only hope for peace in the region. It is noteworthy that this reforms just makes Georgia very interested in peace with its neighbors: in fact, it is much more effective for Georgia (taking into account Russia's military presence, actually much more easy as well) to attract the Abkhaz and South Ossetians with social and economic progress than to return control over these regions by military power.

Circumstances have helped Georgia to carry out radical economic reforms: destroyed by war and corruption, the political leaders simply had no option but to make the economy regenerate itself by implementing radical liberal reforms. Reforms bring their results, and Georgia now looks very well compared to other post-Soviet Caucasian countries - Azerbaijan, where the economy is only driven by oil exports, and Armenia, corrupt and surrounded by enemies.

A low starting position, when there is nothing to lose, plus a strong-willed and well-educated authoritarian president turned out to be the ideal conditions for effective economic reforms. Belarus can only envy and closely monitor the Georgian economic experiment: the time will come to learn from the Georgian reforms, and it may come sooner than it seems.


___________________________________________________________

[1] for more details about the Economic Constitution of Belarus see here (in Belarusian)

[2] for details see here (in English) and here (in Russian)


// Novaja Europa
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Belarus: a Reason for Cautious Optimism

My newest article in the Belarusian newspaper Nasha Niva, here translated into English (blame Google Translator for the errors! )) ):

Belarus: a Reason for Cautious Optimism



"For me there is no such country as Belarus," a British business coach told me three years ago. The man was proud to have taught in almost all European countries. More precisely, all except Belarus.

An isolated island between the EU and the more-less globalized Russia, Belarus just did not exist then for the international business.

Many things have changed since then. Belarusian authorities have started trying to diversify their foreign relations, to attract investments and privatize large enterprises. However, Belarus still remains a terra incognita for the international investment community.

The responsibility can be put on the global financial crisis, in the midst of which Belarus has entered the information field as an eventual investment target. The crisis dramatically reduced the number of investors and increased the number of objects for investment in countries with much lower risk than in Belarus.

One should still praise the Belarusian Government for its efforts: the economic liberalization goes on, even though sometimes strangely or slowly. There were statements as to Belarusian companies entering Western capital markets. There are negotiations on a tender among foreign investment banks to advise the Government of Belarus on privatization issues. Private investors are establishing joint ventures in the country. And at the beginning of the month the news came out that Beltelecom, the telecommunications monopoly, may be either offered for sale or transformed to joint stock company before the end of the year.


The backlog is growing every day

Despite the increase in the overall rating according to WB's Doing Business report, Belarus, according to the same study, has the world's worst (!) taxation system and is located in the bottom of the rating as to level of investment protection. As long as there is no progress there and as long as the government is using Soviet-times economic policies, especially related to price regulation, no investors will come to the country.

The Belarusian government seems to have set a formal goal of correcting two or three paragraphs of Doing Business each year: last year there was a sharp spurt in property registration and issuance of building permits, this year we saw a progress as to company registration. Hopefully by fall of 2010 we may expect progressive changes in the taxation system, international trade or protection of investors - the key framework characteristics to be improved by Belarus.

Besides that, it seems that the progress of market reforms is more concerned with implementation of formal criteria for Doing Business and is motivated by pressure from the International Monetary Fund rather than by the awareness of the necessity of these reforms for Belarus.

This applies to privatization, where the government is slow to pass key legislative acts. Negotiations on the partial privatization of MAZ, BelAZ, and a number of unprofitable enterprises are being held behind the scenes and opaque. Can the investor have certainty in this situation? There are two and a half months left till year end, and the public had not yet received a report about how the planned privatization of state companies is going on for 2009 - as it has newer seen a report on realization of the privatization programme for the year 2008.

Soviet culture of management, even in large enterprises, the inability to operate in a free market, and even poor English language skills - in these important aspects of Belarus remains if not the most backward country in Europe. The backlog is growing every day that the company is not sold to private investors who could modernize the business. With the growth of the backlog, the eventual privatization price goes down and so does the potential revenue for the deficit Belarusian state budget.


Belshyna on the Warsaw Stock Exchange

For the success of economic reforms Belarus needs an Agency for privatization and attracting of foreign investment, which would advise foreigners and inform the public about the progress in privatization of state industry.

It is not clear what the result was given an undisclosed amount spent on the British PR agency of Lord Timothy Bell. Interviews organized by the agency in the western media were rather some curious and exotic dictator interviews, but it is difficult to speak of their positive effect on investment attractiveness of Belarus. Perhaps the PR effect was the fact of signing a contract with Bell itself. Another effect was the sense that before engaging in PR you need to create something that would actually require this PR.

It would be interesting if the government of Belarus would organize at least one IPO of a big company, for example, the tire producer Belshyna on a stock exchange close to Belarus, for instance, the Warsaw Stock Exchange. The country should have enough resources to afford listing at least one state enterprise. In parallel, in such a case study would be to debug the legislation, which would allow to maximize the potential price of assets sold on the market in the future.

Belarus should use the experience of its neighbours and attract successful Eastern European reformers like Mart Laar, Vaclav Klaus or Kakha Bendukidze as advisers. Moreover it should make use of internationally recognized Belarusian economists like Jaraslau Ramanchuk or Aleh Tsyvinski. Unfortunately, it does not seem realistic that the government would do so.


Step into irreversibility

One shouldn't expect the return of politically motivated sponsorship of Belarus from Russia, therefore there is no alternative for Belarus but to attract foreign investment and to mobilize the entrepreneurial potential of the nation. The latter is possible only through economic freedom.

It is generally believed that economic freedom leads to political freedom. In fact, the demand for political freedom can appear only once there will be a group of wealthy entrepreneurs independent of the state. We have the example of modern Russia, where the regarding human rights, according to international organizations, is not much better than in Belarus, but where business conditions are much more favourable.

The Belarusian authorities have the opportunity to revise the social contract in the direction of stimulation of private entrepreneurship, refocusing on active and young people, as it is now in Russia. It is an uneasy but potentially very promising goal for the government of Belarus.

If the transformation of the economy will be conducted properly and if the country will avoid major economic shocks, the current regime will have time to adjust to new conditions and, possibly, to prepare for a step-by-step introduction of a pluralist democracy that will be demanded by its Western partners. With the progress of the reforms the Belarusian bureaucracy will adapt to them and start being interested in them.

Reforms in Belarus did not obtain the proper tempo, shape and transparency, but there is still reason for optimism: they have probably become irreversible. The effects of political and economic decisions are not felt immediately. But there is hope that after the past lost fifteen years, the country has entered a path towards constructive development.

// http://nn.by/index.php?c=ar&i=30692
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A conversation about race

A brilliant movie about racism and political correctness in the US. A must see for everyone, especially Western Europeans and Americans.

It is really a widespread bias in the West that "if it's aimed against whites, it's not racism". White people have a complex of guilt against the rest of the world - while it's been the white Europeans who have created this globalized world we now all enjoy benefits of.
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The world should have one global currency

A multi-currency system presents the governments a large field for export-import manipulation using the exchange rates: put your currency's exchange rate down and your imports will go up for some time not because your goods got better or cheaper or something - but for purely manipulative reasons. A whole system of risk management is in place in banks and foreign trade companies to respond to an artificial and unnatural risk as the one related to exchange rate fluctuations. A whole industry of forex traders is there to gain profit from not producing something, but simply from speculating on these governmental speculations. (I hate to sound like a primitive marxist physiocrat, but here it's the case when their argumentation sounds reasonable).

A globalized world should indeed have one single currency. Many libertarians, including the Belarusian economist Jaraslau Ramanchuk, propose a return to the gold standard. Even though at the university we were taught that abandon of the gold standard was quite an obvious thing to do (gold isn't liquid enough), afterall one can see the abandonment of the gold standard in 1970s as being politically motivated and driven by the US.

Still, more likely is it that the world will melt into one currency zone following the example of the EU. Regional currencies at first, to merge into one global currency zone after that. But this is something of a science-fiction scenario that could get real in a hundred or two hundred years. A big question is at all whether there would be enough motivation at all to abandon the multi-currency system and all its positive sides (possibility to generate profits from exchange rate fluctuations, possibility to diversify investments etc).
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Non-Russian music from Russia

Having listened to Huun-Huur-Tu, the famous Tuvan throat-singing band, I got inspired to search for some other non-slavonic music from Russia. It really gives an alternative impression of the country as big and as diverse as Russia.

Here an example Tatar pop music:










The beautiful national anthem of Udmurtia:




the Russian rock star Zemfira singing in her native Bashkir:





Сhuvash song


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This Blog on BBC World Have Your Say

This blog was quoted by BBC World Have Your Say on Friday. The topic was the racist statement by Brazilian president Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, where he said that the world economic crisis was caused by "white people with blue eyes".

BBC people wanted to call me for a comment on the mobile phone, but unfortunately I was in a bus on the way to a RusHydro Seminar on Hydropower in Uglich. What a pity! :(

Still, I'm glad that almost all people in the comments there supported the idea that Mr. da Silva's statement was racist and unacceptable for a national leader. Racism is racism, ethnicity-based prejudices are ethnicity-based prejudiced.
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Racist statement by Brazilian president

Brazil president blames white people for crisis

Brazil’s President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva on Thursday blamed the global economic crisis on “white people with blue eyes” and said it was wrong that black and indigenous people should pay for white people’s mistakes.

Speaking in Brasília at a joint press conference with Gordon Brown, the UK prime minister, Mr Lula da Silva told reporters: “This crisis was caused by the irrational behaviour of white people with blue eyes, who before the crisis appeared to know everything and now demonstrate that they know nothing.”

//FT

Now what was that for a second?

And this politician will get away with this openly racist (not?) statement? Oh yes, because as long as white people are libeled it's never called "racism". Should he have made a similar statement about black people, there would've been crowds of angry white (!) left-wings at Brazilian embassies all over the world.
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Fight Club is the movie for the economic crisis

Indeed, the best movie one should watch during the world economic crisis that promises us the worst recession since the Great Depression is David Fincher's "Fight Club". For economy is not your entire life. At least it should not be it.
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Confederalization is Russia's only chance to survive

A brilliant article in today's Gazeta.ru:

http://www.gazeta.ru/comments/2009/02/19_a_2945783.shtml

I fully agree with the author.

Russia is a country too large to be effectively managed in a centralized way. And this means that the country has to be decentralized, has to be truly federalized (what it isn't now) or even confederalized.

You can't manage any problems in a same way in the Islamic Northern Caucasus, the Finnish borderlands and the semi-inhabited far eastern Kamchatka that have completely different economical, geographical, cultural conditions. It's impossible to even have a single educational system on a territory that large. Therefore functions should be transferred from the Federal power to local administrations, the more the better.

People should have the chance to achieve real changes on local level and not just to migrate to Moscow or St. Pete for opportunities and career. They should have the freedom and the responsibility instead of relying on the Federal government. The Federal government has to encourage people to develop their home regions - and the only way to do so is to decentralize the country.

Otherwise we will see Russia falling in parts as soon as it faces a serious economic crisis where Moscow starts lacking resources to control the regions. And this process would be accompanied by terrible wars that would make a second Yugoslavia, if not a second Rwanda, out of the Northern Caucasus and the Volga region.

On the other hand, there is the problem that confederalization and decentralization of a country like Russia may end in its collapse. We're used to be forced to live together and every loosening of the brutal binding power creates the temptation for the local elite to break away completely. Especially this relates to regions that are able to live separately like Yakutia, Kaliningrad (former German Eastern Prussia), Tatarstan, Vladivostok.

This means that some other motivation should be created for the regions to be loyal to Russia. One should not be proud of being Slave of an Empire, but should enjoy being a free member of a Federation that gives opportunities and is an attractive example for the neighbouring states.
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How bad can the crisis get us?

Somebody said that one should always hope for the better and be prepared for the worst. Looking at all those news related to the economic crisis, hearing about collapsing Eastern Europe, watching that incredible industrial production decrease percentage numbers, seeing the fund market's negative reaction on Obama's signing this Recovery and Reinvestment Act (Mr. Obama's election for US president itself should have already said us all that there's nothing good to expect), is makes you think of what could be the worst thing to happen.

Back to industrial age or even deindustrialization? Dissolution of the Russian Federation (I heard the Constitutional court recently officially re-approved the 1990 for-now symbolic Declaration of Independence of Yakutia, the Siberian republic)? An other world war?

Yeah, and here it reminds me of the Apocalypse scheduled for December 2012 according to the Mayan calendar. Would be funny to wonder in four years from now, how the hell the Mayas could have predicted it so precisely, heh?
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Moscow yuppies and the economic crisis

It seems to me that our generation of young Russian twens will be psychologically hit the hardest by the economic crisis. Today's Moscow yuppies and recent university graduates - how can they be ready for a crisis?

We were to young to feel whole gravity of the 1990s in Russia - no matter how hard it was, we were still children then and had our parents to care for us. I remember how we got humanitarian aid handed out in school in 1991 or early 1992. It was several tins of Danish Tulip meat conserves and a pocket of dry milk for every pupil and it was really the first time since very long before that we drank milk (no matter how bad) and ate meat. And - strangely - I did not feel suffering at that time. To the contrary, after that for a long time (psychologically the feeling went away only a couple of years ago) I had some inner impression that having bananas or yogurts on our table is luxury and that one could perfectly live without these now seemingly simple food products. And we really could survive without them and as a child I wasn't stressed about that.

In the crisis of 1998 many of us were still teenagers with our parents caring for us. I can not say for that time because we left to live abroad exactly 5 months before the August crisis.

Anyway, today my generation is a generation who became truly adult and economically active in the prosperous 2000s with oil prices above USD 100 per barrel enriching whole Russia and our sweet home Moscow in first line. It's only tiny 8 years since 2000, but the ones who just really started living in these years could get the impression that these wealthy years would last forever. It's bad when people take "special" for "normal".

We're not used to live in a crisis, we're used (or started getting used) to have our vacations in Egypt or, better, Spain, to take loans and buy cars and apartments. Our generation is a generation of young glamourous Moscow investment bankers, fund market analysts and brand managers. But it's not only about the top young bankers and analysts - there are much more middle class young people who work as white-collars in small (or big) companies just doing their jobs from 9am to 6pm and renting a flat, and they are going to be hit much harder than top professionals.

Psychologically many of us do not really know what it is to live in a crisis, to get fired having a loan to pay back. Only few of us can imagine what it is to go and work as a construction worker or to trade vegetables on a bazaar (*lol* I hope it won't get that bad, but still).

Of course, people have survived in worse times than these. Our grandparents had survived a world war and our parents survived the hopeless totalitarian USSR. What is a stupid economic crisis compared to a war or to decades of an isolated totalitarian system that seemed to stay there for centuries? We'll survive the challenge anyway and will hopefully remember these times as interesting and adventurous.
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Russian ruble lost 41% of its value against US dollar in 6 months

Bloggers write that today it's 6 months since the Russian ruble exchange rate starting falling against the US dollar. In June 2007 one dollar was worth 23.12 rubles and now it's 32.57 rubles.

During the same time the oil price went down from above 145 $/bbk to 45 $/bbl.

As sad as it is for Russian economy. The miracle couldn't have last too long without serious diversification of the economy.
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Why Israel Finally Started Its Anti-Terrorist Operation in Gaza

15 seconds: the time for people of Sderot, the Israeli town near Gaza strip, to get to bunkers to hide from rockets shot by Palestine terrorists.



Hamas rocket attacks were the reason for Israel's counter-terrorist Operation Cast Lead in Gaza.

The situation reminds of South Ossetia in August 2008. Ossetian militia were shooting at Georgian military units and villages for several weeks before Georgia's president Mikheil Saakashvili first called them to finally cease fire and then started the military operation. However, in Russian state media the whole was called "Georgian aggression against South Ossetia".

Now we had the Palestinians bombing Israeli towns for several months and intensifying the attacks after the end of ceasefire between Hamas and Israel in December. Once Israel finally decided to strike back we got the media around the world crying about "Israeli aggression" and about "Israel killing innocent people".

Here another even more shocking movie to get a feeling how the situation is seen from the Israeli side:



Let there be peace as soon as possible and let the terror finally stop.
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Russian Finance Minister Kudrin: 2009 Worst Year Since World War 2

Happy new year 2009: Finance minister Kudrin promises us a deficit of the Russian state budget as huge as RUR 1.5 - 2 trillion (USD 51bn - 69bn).

"2009 will be the hardest year for Russian and global economy. It will be the worst year since the end of World War 2", Mr. Kudrin said.

// http://www.vz.ru/news/2008/12/27/242613.html


Inflation will rise but the government still does not plan cuts in financing the construction of Sochi 2014 Olympic infrastructure.
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Russians protest against the government rising automobile import duties

Russian car-owners protest against the government's plan to seriously rise import duties for automobiles starting 1 January 2009. Mass protests started in the Far Eastern regions where the majority drives Japanese cars.

People say the rising of import duties was lobbied by Russian car makers (AvtoVAZ and GAZ and probably foreign players who have production facilities in Russia: Chrysler, Ford, Renault, Nissan, Peugeot-Citroen, GM, Toyota, Volkswagen).

I just found an other reason not to buy myself a car in the coming spring :,)

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Kremlin-backed liberal party to attempt spoiling of the radical opposition's rally?

As usual, Kremlin-created kinda-liberal kinda-opposition parties turn out to act as spoilers for the radical democratic opposition.

This time, the newly created pro-Kremlin liberal party "Pravoe Delo" organizes a demonstration on Moscow's Pushkinskaya square on the same day and almost at the same time when the radical opposition marches from Triumfalnaya sq.



It just couldn't have been more predictable. It's so sad to see a bright and talented man like Euroset founder Evgeny Chichvarkin involved in this thing. This is my first "minus one" sympathy point for Pravoe Delo.

No chance for them to win sympathy of Russian liberals if they keep on acting as a spoiler party for the democratic opposition, no matter how good or bad the latter is.
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Unemployment in Chechnya over 65%

An impressive number: according to the Russian governmental statistics service, 65.3% of the population of the sadly known republic of Chechnya is unemployed (Source).

I wonder what all those people are just doing out there? Probably, a large part of the employed is simply working for the local government or in local military units (police, president Kadyrov's private guard etc). The unemployed must mostly be living from shadow economy or own-grown food.

Since the end of the Chechen war, the republic keeps living on subsidies from the Federal government that keep the former rebels from starting a new war again. As oil price has already shrunk below all pessimistic forecasts, and so may the state budget of Russia, hot times may come back to North Caucasus.
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The Soviet Story (Padomju stāsts, 2008)

The Soviet Story (Padomju stāsts), a 2008 Latvian documentary about Communist crimes (in English and Russian with Latvian subtitles). Includes interviews with Russian and European historians, a Finnish EU Parliament Member, a former member of KPSU Central Committee, with the Soviet dissident Vladimir Bukovsky. Very worth seeing.


Part 1: http://irc.lv/video?id=YrHosaqsKcUW

Part 2: http://irc.lv/video?id=q8Fyk1CH4vUw


The very good thing about this movie is that it underlines that roots of Soviet terror lay in Marxist ideology itself. Stalinist USSR was not a misinterpretation of Marx' Socialism - it WAS Socialism just as Socialism was supposed be.

Hitler was a National Socialist and the Soviets claimed to be "International" Socialists. There's no difference as all of them were fans of social engineering and constructed totalitarian states that should define and control all aspects of a person's life. Hitler killed people according to their ethnicity, Stalin killed people according to their social status. I'd call that difference a matter of taste.

There must be a Nuremberg Trial for Communist crimes. Not really to forbid something - but for people to get the right attitude to the USSR and to left-wing ideology. Although it's "uncool" today to be a fan of Hitler and "not very cool" to be a fan of Stalin, it is still completely acceptable to be Marxist or Maoist and even "cool" to be a fan of Che Guevara. While there's not really a big difference between them all.
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Russian rouble to fall soon?

Seems like devaluation of the Russian rouble is on its way:

1. «Я не исключаю повышения гибкости валютного курса рубля <...> с некоторой тенденцией к ослаблению рубля в отношении иностранных валют», — предупредил Игнатьев.

"I do not exclude an increase of the flexibility of rouble exchange rate <...> with a tendency towards weakening of the rouble against other currencies" - Sergey Ignatiev, head of Russian Central Bank

2. На наш взгляд, резкая девальвация национальной валюты, с макроэкономической точки зрения, более предпочтительна, чем постепенное ослабление, так как в последнем случае значительные ресурсы страны в течение длительного периода времени отвлекаются от реального сектора и начинают использоваться в валютных спекуляциях. Мировой опыт подобной политики, в том числе и в России 90-х, показывает, что резкого падения курса национальной валюты все равно не избежать"

"In our opinion, a radical devaluation of the national currency is <...> more preferable than a gradual one<...>. Global experience <...> shows us that a drastic fall of the national currency exchange rate can't be avoided anyway" - Raiffeisenbank analysts
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